What happened on 14 January?

11 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1980 Indira Gandhi's second premiership Returned by a landslide, then Operation Blue Star at the Golden Temple and assassination by her own bodyguards.
2. 1697 Massachusetts repents The colony keeps an official day of fasting for the tragedy — and Judge Samuel Sewall stands in church while his confession of guilt is read aloud, the only trial judge ever to apo
3. 1761 Third Battle of Panipat Afghan Durrani forces defeat the Maratha Empire's army; Maratha power crippled at the moment they might have replaced the Mughals.
4. 1943 Casablanca Conference Roosevelt and Churchill agreed on 'unconditional surrender' as Allied war aim.
5. 1900 Puccini's Tosca premieres Verismo opera of love, jealousy, and political tyranny in Napoleonic Rome.
6. 1506 The Laocoön unearthed in Rome Diggers in a Roman vineyard strike a marble group of a priest and his sons strangled by sea serpents — the Laocoön praised by Pliny fourteen centuries earlier. Michelangelo rushes
7. 1963 De Gaulle vetoes British entry to the EEC 'Non': de Gaulle blocks Britain's application to the Common Market as a Trojan horse for America; he vetoes again in 1967.
8. 1932 Ravel's Piano Concerto in G Jazz-flavoured outer movements, after Ravel's American tour, frame a long, Mozartian slow melody; Marguerite Long gives the Paris premiere with the composer conducting.
9. 1604 Hampton Court Conference James meets bishops and Puritan divines at Hampton Court; he rejects most Puritan demands — 'no bishop, no king' — but approves a new translation of the Bible.
10. 1954 Marilyn Monroe marries Joe DiMaggio The retired Yankee hero and the biggest star in Hollywood marry at San Francisco City Hall; they divorce within nine months, though he arranges her funeral.
11. 1798 Eli Whitney wins the musket contract Whitney promises the US government 10,000 muskets in two years, built from standardised parts; he delivers years late, but his pitch helps launch the 'American system' of manufactu