What happened on 1 September?

13 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1939 World War II Allied powers defeat Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan; ~70-85 million dead.
2. 1939 German invasion of Poland The Wehrmacht crosses the Polish border; Britain and France declare war on Germany two days later.
3. 1870 Battle of Sedan Prussians capture Napoleon III and his army; ends the Second French Empire and clears the path to German unification.
4. 1961 Non-Aligned Movement founded (Belgrade) Yugoslav, Indian, Indonesian leaders found NAM.
5. 1923 Great Kantō earthquake Magnitude 7.9 quake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama; 105,000–140,000 killed; mass-violence pogrom against ethnic Koreans follows.
6. 1942 Indian National Army formed Formed from Indian POWs under Mohan Singh with Japanese backing; Subhas Chandra Bose later leads the Axis-aligned INA against British rule in India.
7. 1969 Gaddafi seizes power in Libya A young officer overthrows the monarchy, beginning Muammar Gaddafi's 42-year rule and a new force in oil politics.
8. 1967 The Khartoum 'Three No's' Meeting in Sudan, the Arab League answers the defeat with a formula that forecloses diplomacy: no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with it. Israel, whic
9. 1985 Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale Dystopia of a fertility-driven theocratic New England.
10. 2004 Beslan school siege Chechen militants seize a North Ossetian school; the three-day siege ends in a chaotic assault killing over 330, most of them children.
11. 1664 French East India Company founded Colbert founds a royal trading company to challenge the Dutch and English in Asia; its bases at Pondicherry and Chandernagore last until 1954.
12. 1999 Federal government moves from Bonn to Berlin Federal government moves from Bonn back to Berlin; Reichstag restored under Norman Foster's glass dome.
13. 1952 Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea Novella of an aging Cuban fisherman's struggle with a giant marlin.