What happened on 3 September?

14 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut Mamluks under Qutuz and Baibars defeat the Mongols in Galilee; first major Mongol defeat and turning point of Mongol expansion westward.
2. 1939 Battle of the Atlantic Six-year U-boat war for Atlantic supply lines; longest continuous campaign of WWII.
3. 1783 Treaty of Paris (1783) Britain recognises American independence with generous boundaries; ends Revolutionary War.
4. 1658 Oliver Cromwell dies The Lord Protector dies at Whitehall on 3 September — the anniversary of Dunbar and Worcester — during the greatest storm in living memory, which royalists read as the Devil collec
5. 1939 Britain declares war on Germany 1939 Chamberlain announces UK is at war with Germany after Hitler ignores ultimatum on Poland.
6. 1651 Battle of Worcester The final battle of the English Civil War; Cromwell defeats Charles II, who escapes into exile.
7. 1650 Cromwell routs the Covenanters at Dunbar Trapped against the sea by a Scottish army twice his size, Cromwell attacks at dawn and destroys it in an hour — 'the Lord hath delivered them into our hands'. Scotland, which had
8. 1791 France adopts its first written constitution The National Assembly completes two years' work: France becomes a constitutional monarchy with an elected Legislative Assembly, the king reduced to a suspensive veto. The experimen
9. 1939 Phoney War Eight-month lull in Western Front fighting between Polish defeat and Norway/France.
10. 1868 Edo becomes Tokyo The shogun's capital is renamed the 'eastern capital' and the teenage Emperor Meiji moves his court there from Kyoto, where emperors had reigned for a thousand years. The city of t
11. 1995 eBay founded An online auction site launches, pioneering internet commerce between strangers and the digital marketplace.
12. 1658 Richard Cromwell's Protectorate Oliver Cromwell's son Richard — 'Tumbledown Dick' — inherits the Protectorate but, lacking the army's confidence, resigns within nine months, opening the collapse that led to the R
13. 1971 Qatar gains independence Qatar declares full independence as the British withdraw from the Persian Gulf, ending treaty protection; the Al Thani emirate becomes a sovereign state and later a major gas expor
14. 1654 First Protectorate Parliament The first parliament under the Instrument of Government meets, immediately challenges the constitution's terms, and is dissolved by Cromwell after the minimum five months.