What happened on 5 September?

14 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1793 Reign of Terror Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety unleash mass executions to 'save the Revolution'; ~17,000 guillotined.
2. 1914 Battle of the Marne French and British halt the German advance on Paris; ends hopes of a short war.
3. 2020 Dynamite (BTS) US Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 by BTS, reaching No. 1 on 5 September 2020 and spending 3 weeks at the top.
4. 1774 Born: Caspar David Friedrich German Romantic painter of lonely figures in sublime landscapes.
5. 1972 Munich Olympics massacre Palestinian gunmen kill 11 Israeli athletes and a German officer at the 1972 Games.
6. 1977 Voyager 1 launched Outer-planets probe still operating beyond the heliosphere.
7. 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth ends Russo-Japanese War TR-mediated treaty ends Russo-Japanese War.
8. 1774 First Continental Congress Delegates from 12 colonies meet in Philadelphia in response to the Intolerable Acts; lays groundwork for united response to Britain.
9. 1918 Red Terror (1918-1922) Mass executions, imprisonments and forced labour carried out by Cheka secret police; tens of thousands killed.
10. 1666 Gunpowder halts the fire With the king and the Duke of York working the fire-posts in person — passing buckets, paying volunteers from a bag of guineas — the navy's gunpowder blows firebreaks the pulling-h
11. 1698 The beard tax Home from Europe, Peter greets his boyars by taking a razor to their beards with his own hands — and then makes it policy: beards, the mark of Orthodox manhood, are taxed, with a c
12. 1781 The French fleet seals the Chesapeake Off the Virginia Capes, de Grasse's fleet turns back the Royal Navy's relief force — an indecisive-looking action that decides everything: Cornwallis's army at Yorktown is now cut
13. 1861 Battle of Anqing Long Qing siege of the Taiping stronghold of Anqing ends in starvation surrender; opens path to Nanjing.
14. 1944 Benelux Union formed Three governments-in-exile in London sign a customs union before their countries are even liberated — the working model for European integration.