What happened on 7 September?

10 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1533 Born: Elizabeth I Queen of England 1558-1603; presided over a cultural and naval golden age.
2. 1940 The Blitz Sustained German bombing of British cities; over 40,000 civilians killed.
3. 1822 Brazilian independence Pedro I declares Brazil's independence from Portugal on the Ipiranga.
4. 1812 Battle of Borodino Bloodiest single day of the Napoleonic Wars; Napoleon defeats Kutuzov but cannot destroy the Russian army; opens the road to Moscow.
5. 1901 Boxer Protocol China pays massive indemnity after Boxer Rebellion.
6. 2013 Belt and Road Initiative launched Chinese global infrastructure and influence programme spanning Asia, Africa and Europe.
7. 1914 Battle of Masurian Lakes German victory pushes Russians out of East Prussia.
8. 1191 Battle of Arsuf Richard I defeats Saladin in a set-piece battle on the coast road from Acre to Jaffa; restores crusader military credibility.
9. 1714 War of the Spanish Succession ends Conventional end of War of the Spanish Succession.
10. 1303 Outrage of Anagni Agents of Philip IV of France burst into Boniface VIII's palace and hold the author of Unam Sanctam prisoner; he dies within a month, and the papacy passes into France's shadow.