What happened on 16 September?

12 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1620 Mayflower sails to New England Pilgrim Fathers sail from Plymouth and found Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts; mythic seed of New England.
2. 1941 Reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Thirty-seven years as Shah: the 1953 coup, the White Revolution, SAVAK, and flight before the Islamic Revolution.
3. 1810 Mexican War of Independence Decade-long armed conflict that ended Spanish rule over Mexico; began with Father Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores and ended with the Treaty of Córdoba.
4. 1810 Mexican War of Independence begins Conventional start of Mexican War of Independence.
5. 1987 Beloved Morrison's novel of slavery and motherhood in post-Civil War Ohio.
6. 1987 Montreal Protocol on ozone International treaty to phase out ozone-depleting substances.
7. 1975 Papua New Guinea independence Papua New Guinea becomes independent from Australian administration under Michael Somare, uniting hundreds of language groups in a new Pacific state.
8. 2022 Mahsa Amini protests in Iran Death of a young Kurdish woman in police custody triggers months of 'Woman, Life, Freedom' protests.
9. 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacre Lebanese Phalangist militia massacre between about 700 and 3,500 Palestinian and Lebanese Shia civilians in Beirut refugee camps during the Lebanese Civil War.
10. 1992 Black Wednesday UK forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism after the pound collapses; damages Major government's reputation for competence.
11. 1955 Revolución Libertadora A military-naval uprising topples Perón, who flees aboard a Paraguayan gunboat into eighteen years of exile; the junta bans Peronism, even the speaking of his name.
12. 1398 Richard II banishes Henry Bolingbroke Halting a trial by combat at Coventry, Richard exiles both Bolingbroke and the Duke of Norfolk; when John of Gaunt dies months later the king seizes the Lancaster inheritance — and