What happened on 20 September?

12 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1519 Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation Ferdinand Magellan's fleet, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano, sails around the world; first circumnavigation.
2. 1187 Saladin retakes Jerusalem Three months after Hattin, Saladin's army takes Jerusalem after a brief siege; treats inhabitants far more leniently than the 1099 crusaders did.
3. 1792 Battle of Valmy French revolutionary army repels Prussian invasion; the next day, the National Convention proclaims the Republic.
4. 1870 Capture of Rome (1870) Italian troops breach the Aurelian walls at Porta Pia; ends Papal States and the temporal power of the Popes.
5. 1519 The five ships sail The Armada de Molucca — five ships, some 270 men of a dozen nations — clears Sanlúcar de Barrameda for the bottom of the world. Of the five, one will be wrecked, one will desert, o
6. 2001 'Either with us, or with the terrorists' Before a joint session of Congress, President Bush names al-Qaeda, issues the Taliban an ultimatum, and frames the coming era in a single binary sentence addressed to every nation
7. 1992 Maastricht ratification by France Narrow French referendum (51% yes) ratifies the Maastricht Treaty creating the EU.
8. 1989 De Klerk takes power A cautious party insider succeeds the stroke-felled Botha — and stuns his own movement by concluding the game is up: the Wall is falling, the economy is dying, and time favours the
9. 1946 Cannes Film Festival founded First Cannes Film Festival held.
10. 1066 Battle of Fulford Harald Hardrada and Tostig defeat the northern English earls; opens the way to York shortly before Hastings.
11. 1854 Battle of the Alma The first major battle of the Crimean War; allied British and French forces defeat the Russians.
12. 1819 Carlsbad Decrees Metternich's Decrees impose press censorship and suppress liberal student fraternities across the German Confederation.