What happened on 23 September?

13 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1932 Founding of Saudi Arabia Ibn Saud unifies the Najd and Hejaz to create the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
2. 1862 Bismarck takes power in Prussia Appointed Minister President to force through an army budget the liberals have blocked, the Junker diplomat tells the chamber within the week how he sees the world: the great quest
3. 1947 Eva Perón wins Argentine women the vote Evita drives female suffrage through Congress and then builds the Peronist Women's Party that delivers the 1951 landslide.
4. 1943 Italian Social Republic Hitler installs Mussolini as head of a puppet Fascist state at Salò in German-occupied northern Italy, until partisans capture him in its last days.
5. 2008 Android operating system launched Google releases Android on the HTC Dream; it would become the world's most-used operating system, powering most smartphones.
6. 1972 Marcos declares martial law Ferdinand Marcos imposes martial law in the Philippines, beginning 14 years of authoritarian, kleptocratic rule.
7. 1122 Concordat of Worms Compromise between Pope Calixtus II and Emperor Henry V ends the Investiture Controversy; spiritual investiture remains the pope's.
8. 2022 Truss-Kwarteng mini-budget Liz Truss's tax-cutting mini-budget triggers gilt-market and pension-fund crisis; Truss resigns after 49 days.
9. 1952 Checkers speech Accused of a secret political fund, Eisenhower's running mate goes on television, lays out his finances and vows to keep the family's cocker spaniel, Checkers — and saves his candi
10. 1803 Battle of Assaye In the Second Anglo-Maratha War, Major-General Arthur Wellesley defeats a far larger Maratha army in central India — the battle he later called the best thing he ever did.
11. 1751 Siege of Arcot A 26-year-old Company clerk turned captain seizes the Nawab's capital with a few hundred men and holds it for fifty days against a vastly larger French-backed army — making Clive's
12. 1568 Battle of San Juan de Ulúa A Spanish fleet treacherously attacks John Hawkins's slaving squadron sheltering at Veracruz; only Hawkins and his young kinsman Francis Drake escape, and Drake begins a lifelong w
13. 2022 Federer retires at the Laver Cup Federer plays his last match in London, partnering his great rival Nadal; both weep on the bench.