What happened on 25 September?

17 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1555 Peace of Augsburg Imperial settlement permits each prince to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism (cuius regio, eius religio).
2. 1980 One-Child Policy People's Republic of China's one-child-per-family birth-control policy. Phased out from 2015 and formally ended in 2021.
3. 1932 Born: Glenn Gould Canadian pianist; idiosyncratic interpreter of Bach's keyboard works.
4. 1957 Little Rock Nine integration Federal troops escort Black students into Central High School.
5. 1959 Camp David summit (Eisenhower-Khrushchev) First Soviet leader to visit the US.
6. 1066 Battle of Stamford Bridge Harold Godwinson crushes Harald Hardrada's Norwegian invasion in Yorkshire, days before the Norman landing in Sussex.
7. 1711 Born: Qianlong Emperor Qing high-water-mark emperor; territorial expansion and cultural flourishing.
8. 1493 Second voyage of Columbus Seventeen ships and some 1,200 men — colonists now, not explorers — carrying the horses, cattle, sugar cane and diseases that will remake two hemispheres. On Hispaniola the settlem
9. 1980 One-Child Policy begins Conventional start of One-Child Policy.
10. 1643 Parliament signs the Solemn League and Covenant Losing the war, the English Parliament buys a Scottish army with a promise to reform religion 'according to the example of the best reformed churches' — Presbyterianism, the Scots
11. 1906 Born: Dmitri Shostakovich Soviet composer whose symphonies and quartets coded life under Stalin.
12. 1780 Benedict Arnold's treason is exposed The Revolution's best battlefield general — embittered, indebted and passed over — is caught selling West Point to the British when his contact Major André is taken with the plans
13. 1396 Battle of Nicopolis Last large international crusade; Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I crushes a Franco-Hungarian army outside Nicopolis on the Danube.
14. 1513 Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama Vasco Núñez de Balboa sights the Pacific Ocean from a peak in Panama; first European to view the Pacific from the Americas.
15. 1903 Born: Mark Rothko American painter of luminous colour-field abstractions.
16. 1897 Born: William Faulkner American novelist of the Southern grotesque; author of The Sound and the Fury.
17. 1926 Slavery Convention of 1926 The League of Nations binds its members to suppress slavery 'in all its forms' — the first universal treaty against it, still in force under the UN.