What happened on 27 September?

15 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1825 Stockton and Darlington Railway opens Stockton & Darlington Railway opens in north-east England: the first public railway to use steam locomotives.
2. 1529 First siege of Vienna Ottoman advance into central Europe halted at the gates of Vienna.
3. 1540 Society of Jesus founded Ignatius of Loyola founds the Jesuits; militant order at the spearhead of Counter-Reformation and Catholic missions worldwide.
4. 1929 Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms Novel drawn from Hemingway's Italian Front ambulance service in WW1.
5. 1791 French emancipation of the Jews Revolutionary France grants Jews full citizenship, the first European state to do so; the model spreads with French arms and reshapes Jewish life across the continent.
6. 1907 Born: Bhagat Singh Indian revolutionary executed by the British in 1931.
7. 1822 Champollion deciphers hieroglyphs Using the Rosetta Stone, Jean-François Champollion cracks the hieroglyphic script, founding modern Egyptology.
8. 1940 Tripartite Pact Germany, Italy and Japan formally allied as the Axis.
9. 1962 Silent Spring published Rachel Carson's expose of pesticides launches the modern environmental movement and the case against DDT.
10. 1996 Taliban capture Kabul The Taliban seize Afghanistan's capital and impose a harsh Islamist emirate, later sheltering al-Qaeda.
11. 1945 Hirohito meets MacArthur The emperor calls on the American occupier; the photograph of a small, formal Hirohito beside a towering, open-collared MacArthur shocks Japan.
12. 2020 Second Nagorno-Karabakh War Azerbaijan defeats Armenia to retake territory; a 2023 offensive then ends the enclave and empties it of Armenians.
13. 1833 Death of Ram Mohan Roy in Bristol Visiting England as envoy of the Mughal emperor, the 'father of the Bengal Renaissance' dies of meningitis at Stapleton; his tomb at Arnos Vale is a pilgrimage site.
14. 1915 Kipling's son killed at Loos John Kipling, rejected for poor eyesight until his father pulled strings, is killed in his first battle; Kipling writes 'If any question why we died, / Tell them, because our fathe
15. 1970 First women declared Doctors of the Church Paul VI names Teresa of Ávila and, a week later, Catherine of Siena Doctors of the Church — the first women given the title for their teaching.