What happened on 19 October?

13 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 202 BCE Battle of Zama Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal.
2. 1469 Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella The union of Aragon and Castile's heirs creates the Catholic Monarchs and the foundation of unified Spain.
3. 1812 French retreat from Moscow Of ~600,000 troops that crossed the Niemen, fewer than 40,000 returned.
4. 1847 Jane Eyre Charlotte Brontë's novel of governess Jane and the mysterious Mr Rochester.
5. 1914 First Battle of Ypres Last manoeuvre battle on the Western Front; trench warfare locks in.
6. 1987 Black Monday Stock markets crash worldwide in the largest one-day percentage fall in history, the Dow losing 22.6%.
7. 1216 Death of King John With half his kingdom held by the French prince Louis and his baggage train — crown jewels included, by legend — lost in the Wash, John dies of dysentery at Newark, unmourned. His
8. 1854 Liszt's Faust Symphony Liszt's three-movement orchestral work after Goethe - high point of programme music.
9. 1964 Prediction of the Higgs mechanism (Englert-Higgs) Three theoretical papers in 1964 predict the field that gives particles mass.
10. 1866 Venetia joins Italy Italy's own campaign against Austria goes badly on land and sea — but its alliance with victorious Prussia wins the prize anyway, and after a plebiscite Venice and its hinterland j
11. 1935 Arrival at Yan'an Mao's First Front Army reaches Wuqi in northern Shaanxi, ending the Long March; nearby Yan'an, taken in January 1937, becomes the Communist base and cradle of Mao's leadership.
12. 1954 Britain agrees to leave the Suez Canal Zone After seventy years of garrison, Britain signs an agreement with Nasser's Egypt to withdraw its 80,000 troops from the canal within twenty months — the largest British base in the
13. 1963 Alec Douglas-Home's premiership An earl renounces his peerage to become prime minister for a year, the last chosen by the party's customary processes.