What happened on 23 October?

13 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1956 Hungarian Revolution Hungarians revolt against Soviet-backed government; crushed by Red Army intervention.
2. 1942 Second Battle of El Alamein Montgomery's British Eighth Army defeats Rommel's Panzerarmee Afrika; turning point of the desert war.
3. 1641 Irish Rebellion of 1641 Ulster Catholics rise against Protestant settlers in a rebellion whose massacres, real and exaggerated, poison English politics and end in Cromwell's brutal reconquest.
4. 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf Largest naval battle in history; first appearance of kamikaze attacks; effective destruction of Japanese fleet.
5. 1642 Battle of Edgehill First major battle of the English Civil War; inconclusive clash between royalists and parliamentarians.
6. 1983 Marines bombed in Beirut Truck bomb kills 241 US service members (mostly Marines) at Beirut airport.
7. 42 BCE Battle of Philippi Antony and Octavian defeat Brutus and Cassius in Macedonia; the Republican cause dies on the field.
8. 1940 Born: Pelé Brazilian footballer regarded as one of the greatest in the game's history.
9. 1962 The OAS backs the quarantine of Cuba The Organization of American States votes unanimously to endorse the US quarantine of Cuba, giving it legal cover; Kennedy signs the proclamation that evening. In Moscow, Khrushche
10. 1086 Battle of Sagrajas The Almoravids cross from Africa and crush Alfonso VI, halting the Christian advance after the fall of Toledo.
11. 1812 The Malet coup rattles Paris With Napoleon a thousand miles away in the Russian snow, a disgraced general walks out of a Paris asylum, announces the Emperor is dead, and nearly takes the capital with forged or
12. 1922 Bonar Law's premiership The Unknown Prime Minister resigns after 209 days, dying of throat cancer.
13. 1958 Springhill mining disaster A 'bump' buries 174 men in North America's deepest coal mine; the last survivors, kept singing by Maurice Ruddick, come up after eight and a half days.