What happened on 5 July?

15 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1687 Newton's Principia Mathematica Lays out the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
2. 1948 NHS founded National Health Service launched by Aneurin Bevan; tax-funded, free at point of use; cornerstone of post-war Britain.
3. 1943 Battle of Kursk Largest tank battle in history; Soviets blunt Hitler's last great Eastern offensive; ends German strategic initiative.
4. 1914 July Crisis 1914 Diplomatic chain after Sarajevo: ultimatums, mobilisations, declarations of war.
5. 1994 Founding of Amazon Jeff Bezos founds Amazon as an online bookstore.
6. 1962 Algerian independence Algeria becomes independent after the Évian Accords and a referendum.
7. 1945 1945 Labour landslide Attlee's Labour wins a 145-seat majority; Churchill rejected at the peak of his fame; mandate for welfare state.
8. 1996 Dolly the Sheep cloned First mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh.
9. 2024 Keir Starmer's premiership Keir Starmer becomes prime minister of the United Kingdom following Labour's 2024 election victory.
10. 1954 Elvis Presley's Sun Sessions Early rockabilly recordings that helped launch rock and roll.
11. 1911 Born: Georges Pompidou Gaullist president of France from 1969 to 1974.
12. 1909 Suffragette hunger strikes begin Refused political-prisoner status, Marion Wallace Dunlop stops eating — and is released in 91 hours. The tactic spreads through the imprisoned movement at once, and the government'
13. 1809 Battle of Wagram Napoleon defeats the Austrians on the Marchfeld; very high casualties signal that Napoleon's enemies are catching up.
14. 1932 Salazar's rule of Portugal The Estado Novo: an austere corporatist dictatorship that outlasted every other in Europe.
15. 1853 Born: Cecil Rhodes British colonial magnate who founded Rhodesia and the De Beers mining empire.