What happened on 6 July?

19 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1885 Pasteur's rabies vaccine Pasteur successfully treats a child bitten by a rabid dog, demonstrating immunization.
2. 1967 Biafra War Secessionist war and famine in Nigeria that killed a million people.
3. 1914 Germany issues the 'blank cheque' A week after the Sarajevo assassination, Kaiser Wilhelm II and his chancellor promise Austria-Hungary unconditional German backing for whatever it does to Serbia — then the Kaiser
4. 1907 Born: Frida Kahlo Mexican painter whose self-portraits fuse folk art, Surrealism and personal pain.
5. 969 Founding of Cairo (al-Qahira) Fatimids found their new capital just north of Fustat; remains Egypt's capital ever since.
6. 371 BCE Battle of Leuctra Theban general Epaminondas crushes the Spartan army with oblique formation; breaks Sparta's military reputation forever.
7. 1535 Execution of Thomas More Henry VIII's former chancellor beheaded on Tower Hill for refusing to swear the oath of supremacy; later canonised.
8. 1630 Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany The King of Sweden lands 13,000 men in Pomerania to save the Protestant cause — and reveals a new kind of army: mobile, drilled, backed by light field guns and French gold. 'The Li
9. 1938 The Évian Conference fails the refugees Thirty-two countries meet at a French spa town to discuss the Jewish refugees fleeing Germany — and, one after another, explain why they can take almost none. Only the Dominican Re
10. 1917 Sassoon's Soldier's Declaration A decorated officer publicly refuses to fight on, calling the war one of aggression and conquest; his friends have him sent to Craiglockhart rather than court-martialled.
11. 1415 Jan Hus burned at the stake The Czech reformer is condemned at the Council of Constance and burned, making him a martyr and forerunner of the Reformation.
12. 1942 The Frank family goes into hiding Weeks after Anne's thirteenth birthday, when her sister Margot is called up for a labour camp, the family moves into the secret annex behind Otto Frank's Amsterdam business.
13. 1917 Capture of Aqaba After a two-month march across the Nefud desert, Lawrence and Auda abu Tayi's Howeitat tribesmen take the Red Sea port of Aqaba from the landward side its guns could not face.
14. 1809 Napoleon imprisons Pius VII The pope who anointed Napoleon at his coronation is kidnapped and held for five years after excommunicating him; his stubborn captivity restores the papacy's moral prestige across
15. 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh Negotiated in person by Cecil after English troops besiege Leith, the treaty sends the French garrison home from Scotland and clears the way for a Protestant Scottish Reformation.
16. 1189 Death of Henry II at Chinon Defeated by his son Richard and Philip of France, and told his favourite son John has joined them, Henry dies at Chinon: 'Shame, shame on a conquered king.'
17. 1253 Coronation of Mindaugas Mindaugas is crowned Lithuania's first and only king with papal blessing; his break with the Livonian Order, possible apostasy and murder leave Lithuania pagan for another century.
18. 2016 Chilcot Report Seven years in the making, the Iraq Inquiry finds Britain went to war before peaceful options were exhausted, on flawed intelligence presented with unjustified certainty.
19. 2003 Federer's first Wimbledon title The 21-year-old Swiss wins Wimbledon without dropping a set — the first of a record eight titles there.