What happened on 12 July?

9 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1906 Dreyfus exonerated and reinstated France's highest court annuls the Rennes verdict entirely; days later Dreyfus is reinstated, promoted, and decorated with the Légion d'honneur in the same courtyard where his sword
2. 1962 The Rolling Stones British rock band still touring half a century after their formation.
3. 1817 Born: Henry David Thoreau American essayist and naturalist; Walden, Civil Disobedience.
4. 1691 Battle of Aughrim The decisive battle of the Williamite war in Ireland; the bloodiest ever fought on Irish soil.
5. 1998 France wins the World Cup on home soil France wins 1998 FIFA World Cup at the Stade de France.
6. 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy Assembly subordinates the Catholic Church in France to the state; clergy must swear loyalty oath; splits the nation.
7. 1902 Arthur Balfour's premiership Balfour secures the Entente Cordiale and is wrecked by the Conservative split over tariff reform.
8. 2006 2006 Lebanon War A 34-day war between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon, ending in a UN-brokered ceasefire with no clear victor.
9. 1543 Catherine Parr marries Henry VIII Twice-widowed Catherine Parr becomes Henry VIII's sixth and final wife at Hampton Court. She outlives him by 19 months and brings the king's three children together at court for th