What happened on 14 July?

12 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1683 Siege of Vienna (1683) Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa brings perhaps 150,000 men to the walls of the Habsburg capital, gambling everything on taking the 'golden apple' of Ottoman ambition. The emperor flees;
2. 1789 Storming of the Bastille Parisian crowds seize the Bastille prison; symbolic start of the French Revolution.
3. 1933 Germany becomes a one-party state Five months after Hitler took office, the Law Against the Founding of New Parties completes the sweep: the SPD banned, the rest 'voluntarily' dissolved, the NSDAP the only legal pa
4. 1602 Born: Cardinal Mazarin Italian-born chief minister of France, mentor to Louis XIV and architect of French power after Richelieu.
5. 2015 Iran nuclear deal (JCPOA) Iran agrees to limit its nuclear programme for sanctions relief; the US withdraws three years later.
6. 1862 Born: Gustav Klimt Austrian Symbolist whose gold-leaf portraits define the Vienna Secession.
7. 1918 Born: Ingmar Bergman Swedish film director of The Seventh Seal and Persona.
8. 2015 New Horizons reaches Pluto Nine and a half years out, the piano-sized probe reveals Pluto's heart-shaped glacier — the last of the classical planets visited, half a century after Mariner started.
9. 2023 Miyazaki's The Boy and the Heron Coaxed out of retirement, the 82-year-old Miyazaki's semi-autobiographical fantasy wins his second Academy Award.
10. 1960 Jane Goodall begins her study at Gombe Sent by Louis Leakey with no degree, a 26-year-old Englishwoman arrives with her mother on the shore of Lake Tanganyika to watch wild chimpanzees — a study that will run for over s
11. 1790 Fête de la Fédération On the Bastille's first anniversary, 300,000 Parisians watch Louis XVI swear loyalty to the new constitution on the Champ de Mars, Talleyrand saying mass over the Altar of the Fath
12. 1791 Priestley Riots A 'Church and King' mob, stirred by a dinner celebrating the French Revolution, burns Priestley's Birmingham house and laboratory with the town's Dissenting chapels; he leaves for