What happened on 15 July?

19 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1099 Capture of Jerusalem by First Crusade Crusaders take Jerusalem and massacre its inhabitants.
2. 1799 Discovery of the Rosetta Stone French troops discover the Rosetta Stone at Rosetta in Egypt, key to deciphering hieroglyphs.
3. 1606 Born: Rembrandt van Rijn Dutch Golden Age master of light, shadow and inwardness.
4. 1701 War of the Spanish Succession Major European war fought to prevent the union of the French and Spanish crowns under a Bourbon king. Ended by the Treaty of Utrecht (1713).
5. 756 The death of Yang Guifei at Mawei Fleeing the fallen capital, the imperial column halts at Mawei station — and the starving escort mutinies, kills the chief minister, and refuses to march until the emperor gives up
6. 1918 Second Battle of the Marne Allied counter-offensive turns the tide; beginning of the Hundred Days.
7. 1410 Battle of Grunwald Polish-Lithuanian army under Władysław II Jagiełło crushes the Teutonic Knights; effectively ends the Order's expansion.
8. 1930 Born: Jacques Derrida Founder of deconstructive literary criticism.
9. 1701 War of the Spanish Succession begins Conventional start of War of the Spanish Succession.
10. 1857 Cawnpore massacre Rebel forces massacre the surrendered British garrison and civilians at Kanpur — a notorious episode of the rebellion.
11. 1381 Execution of John Ball Tried before the king at St Albans, the preacher is hanged, drawn and quartered, unrepentant. The charters of Mile End are revoked — 'villeins ye are, and villeins ye shall remain'
12. 1815 Napoleon surrenders to HMS Bellerophon Blocked from sailing to America, Napoleon boards a British ship of the line at Rochefort and throws himself on the mercy of 'the most powerful, the most constant and the most gener
13. 1819 Byron's Don Juan Byron's satirical epic poem, unfinished at his death - masterpiece of English Romanticism.
14. 1941 The MAUD Report says the bomb is feasible A British committee concludes that a uranium bomb of some 10 kg is not only possible but buildable within two years — the finding that jolts a dawdling American programme into urge
15. 2018 France wins 2018 FIFA World Cup Les Bleus win their second World Cup, beating Croatia in Moscow.
16. 2016 2016 Turkish coup attempt A faction of the military fails to seize power; Erdoğan crushes the coup and launches sweeping purges of state and society.
17. 1244 Khwarezmian sack of Jerusalem Khwarezmian Turks displaced by Mongols sack Jerusalem; the city is permanently lost to the crusaders.
18. 1801 Concordat of 1801 Agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII restoring Catholic worship in France.
19. 1912 Jim Thorpe wins double gold at the Stockholm Olympics Thorpe takes both pentathlon and decathlon; the medals are stripped a year later over semi-professional baseball and restored long after his death.