What happened on 25 July?

13 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 306 Reign of Constantine the Great First Christian emperor; founds Constantinople; reunites empire after defeating Licinius in 324.
2. 1978 First IVF baby Birth of Louise Brown in Oldham, UK, by in-vitro fertilisation.
3. 1593 'Paris is worth a mass' Unable to take his own capital after four years of trying, Henry IV solemnly abjures Protestantism at Saint-Denis — the conversion history remembers in the phrase he probably never
4. 1886 Lord Salisbury's second premiership Salisbury presides over the Scramble for Africa and the founding of elected county councils.
5. 1944 Operation Cobra breaks out of Normandy Behind a carpet of 4,000 tons of bombs, the US First Army punches through the weakened German line west of Saint-Lô; within days Patton's Third Army is pouring through the gap into
6. 1914 Serbia's conciliatory reply falls short Minutes before the deadline, Serbia accepts almost every Austrian demand — the Kaiser himself later calls it 'a great moral victory for Vienna; every reason for war falls away'. Bu
7. 1938 Battle of the Ebro Largest battle of the Spanish Civil War; Republican offensive becomes a Nationalist defensive victory; effectively decides the war.
8. 1909 Blériot crosses the English Channel Louis Blériot makes the first aeroplane flight across the Channel, showing Britain was no longer an island for war.
9. 1261 Byzantine recovery of Constantinople Michael VIII Palaiologos retakes the city from the Latins; restores Byzantine empire as a Palaiologan rump state.
10. 1976 Glass's Einstein on the Beach Five-hour minimalist opera devoid of conventional plot or characters.
11. 306 Constantine acclaimed at York Constantine the Great proclaimed emperor by his army at Eboracum (York) after his father Constantius dies there.
12. 1965 Bob Dylan goes electric at Newport Booed for plugging in at the folk festival; turning point of 1960s music.
13. 1990 The Glaspie meeting Eight days before the invasion, the US ambassador tells Saddam that Washington has 'no opinion on Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait'. Whether April Gla