What happened on 24 July?

13 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1923 Treaty of Lausanne Peace with the new Republic of Turkey; replaces Sèvres.
2. 1783 Born: Simón Bolívar The Liberator — Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia owe their independence from Spain to his campaigns across northern South America.
3. 1908 Young Turk Revolution Committee of Union and Progress forces restoration of the 1876 constitution; reshapes Ottoman politics in the empire's last years.
4. 1802 Born: Alexandre Dumas Novelist; author of The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo.
5. 1991 Indian economic liberalisation Manmohan Singh's 1991 reforms open India to global trade and investment.
6. 2019 Boris Johnson's premiership Getting Brexit done, an eighty-seat majority, the Covid pandemic and the Partygate scandal that finished him.
7. 1974 Supreme Court orders Nixon to surrender the tapes In United States v. Nixon the Supreme Court rules 8-0 that executive privilege cannot withhold evidence from a criminal trial. Three of the justices are Nixon appointees; all vote
8. 1534 Cartier claims Canada for France Jacques Cartier plants a cross on the Gaspé shore and sails up the St Lawrence the next year to Hochelaga — carrying home a Iroquoian word for village: kanata.
9. 2020 Hagia Sophia reconverted to a mosque A court ruling and presidential decree revoke Hagia Sophia's museum status, returning the Byzantine-Ottoman monument to use as a mosque.
10. 1911 Machu Picchu rediscovered Hiram Bingham brings the Inca citadel to global attention, making it an icon of pre-Columbian civilisation.
11. 1945 Truman tells Stalin of a 'new weapon' At Potsdam, Truman casually mentions to Stalin that America has a weapon of unusual destructive force. Stalin shrugs and hopes they make good use of it — he has known about the pro
12. 1148 Crusader siege of Damascus (1148) Mid-Second Crusade siege ends in failure after four days; emblematic of crusading military shortcomings.
13. 1567 Abdication of Mary, Queen of Scots Imprisoned at Loch Leven after the Darnley murder and her marriage to Bothwell, Mary is forced to abdicate the Scottish throne in favour of her one-year-old son James VI.