What happened on 29 September?

12 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1901 Born: Enrico Fermi Italian-American physicist; first nuclear reactor; Manhattan Project.
2. 1547 Born: Miguel de Cervantes Spanish novelist, playwright and poet; his Don Quixote is widely regarded as the first modern novel.
3. 1923 French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon After the Ottoman collapse, the League of Nations places Syria and Lebanon under French mandatory rule, drawing the borders of the modern states.
4. 2010 Aadhaar biometric ID system launched World's largest biometric identity programme — over a billion enrolled.
5. 1941 Babi Yar massacre Nazi Einsatzgruppen kill 33,771 Jews in two days in a ravine outside Kyiv; one of the largest single massacres of the Holocaust.
6. 1918 Holst's The Planets Orchestral suite associating each known planet with a god.
7. 1918 Bulgaria signs armistice First Central Power to leave the war.
8. 2016 Surgical strikes 2016 (LoC) India conducts cross-LoC strikes after Uri attack.
9. 1911 Italo-Turkish War Italy seizes Libya and the Dodecanese from the Ottomans; the first wartime use of aeroplanes, including the first aerial bombing; weakens the Ottoman position before the Balkan War
10. 1998 Are You That Somebody? (Aaliyah) Timbaland's baby-coo, double-time drums: pop futurism.
11. 1267 Treaty of Montgomery Henry III recognises Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales — the first and only time an English crown formally acknowledged a native Prince of Wales.
12. 1902 Death of Émile Zola Zola is asphyxiated by fumes from a blocked chimney in his Paris flat; a roofer later claims to have stopped it deliberately for anti-Dreyfusards.