What happened on 30 September?

12 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1520 Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman empire at its height; conquests in Hungary, North Africa, Mesopotamia; Topkapı reformed; Mimar Sinan's mosques.
2. 1791 Mozart's The Magic Flute premieres Singspiel mixing fairy tale, Masonic allegory, and unforgettable arias.
3. 1938 Munich Agreement Germany, Britain, France and Italy agree to the cession of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland to Germany without Czechoslovak participation; Chamberlain presents the agreement as securin
4. 1935 Gershwin's Porgy and Bess Opera set in a Black tenement in Charleston; classic American folk-opera.
5. 1862 Bismarck's 'blood and iron' speech A week after taking office, Bismarck tells the Prussian budget committee that the great questions of the day will be decided not by speeches and majority votes but by iron and bloo
6. 1571 Nobunaga burns Mount Hiei The warrior monks of Mount Hiei had defied warlords for six centuries from their mountain of temples above Kyoto. Nobunaga surrounds it, burns its temples and, by the chroniclers'
7. 2003 Through the Wire (Kanye West) Rapped through a wired-shut jaw after a car crash; Kanye's debut single.
8. 2015 Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war Russian air power rescues Bashar al-Assad's faltering regime and turns the war; Russia gains a lasting military foothold in the Mediterranean.
9. 1938 Chamberlain promises 'peace for our time' Back from Munich, Chamberlain waves the Anglo-German declaration at Heston aerodrome and tells cheering Downing Street crowds he has brought 'peace for our time'.
10. 1927 Babe Ruth hits 60 home runs Ruth sets a single-season record that stands for 34 years, as part of the 'Murderers' Row' Yankees, often called the greatest team in baseball history.
11. 1399 Henry IV deposes Richard II Bolingbroke returns from exile, captures Richard II at Flint Castle, and has him deposed by Parliament; opens the Lancastrian dynasty.
12. 1811 Fanny Burney's mastectomy In Paris, Napoleon's surgeon Larrey removes Burney's breast with only a wine cordial for anaesthetic; her letter describing the operation, written months later, is one of the most