What happened on 1 November?

27 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1814 Congress of Vienna Metternich, Talleyrand, Castlereagh and Alexander I redraw the European map; balance-of-power settlement endures for 40 years.
2. 1894 Reign of Nicholas II The last Romanov: Bloody Sunday, the 1905 revolution, catastrophe in the Great War and abdication.
3. 1880 Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov Late novel about parricide and the existence of God.
4. 1922 Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate Grand National Assembly abolishes the sultanate; Mehmed VI exiled; ends the 600-year Ottoman dynasty.
5. 1858 Mughal Empire ends Conventional end of Mughal Empire.
6. 1887 Sherlock Holmes Arthur Conan Doyle's detective stories; archetype of modern crime fiction.
7. 1337 100 Years War begins Edward III claims French throne — Hundred Years' War.
8. 1729 Swift's A Modest Proposal Satirical essay proposing the poor sell their children for food.
9. 1369 Born: Jan Hus Czech reformer; precursor to Protestantism.
10. 1914 British naval blockade of Germany Royal Navy blockade contributes to German civilian starvation.
11. 1956 States Reorganisation Act Indian states redrawn along linguistic lines.
12. 1790 Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France Burke condemns the French Revolution's radicalism; founding text of modern conservatism.
13. 1952 Ivy Mike: first hydrogen bomb The US detonates the first thermonuclear device in the Pacific, a leap in destructive power that defined the nuclear arms race.
14. 1928 Turkish alphabet reform Atatürk's government replaces Arabic-script Ottoman Turkish with a Latin alphabet; reshapes literacy and culture in a year.
15. 1914 Battle of Coronel German Pacific Squadron sinks two British armoured cruisers.
16. 866 York falls to the Great Army A year after landing, the Great Heathen Army takes York on All Saints' Day, while Northumbria's two rival kings are busy fighting each other; both die trying to retake it. Jorvik b
17. 1700 Death of Charles II of Spain The last Spanish Habsburg — childless, chronically ill, the end-point of generations of inbreeding — dies naming a Bourbon heir, and Europe goes to war over the inheritance.
18. 1755 Lisbon earthquake A quake, tsunami and fire destroy Lisbon and kill tens of thousands, shaking Enlightenment faith in a benevolent order.
19. 1884 Gaelic Athletic Association founded The GAA codifies Gaelic games, a cornerstone of the Gaelic revival and Irish national identity.
20. 1924 Mann's The Magic Mountain Hans Castorp's seven-year stay in a Swiss sanatorium; meditation on pre-WWI Europe.
21. 1689 Purcell's Dido and Aeneas Henry Purcell's miniature English Baroque opera; Dido's Lament endures as a stand-alone aria.
22. 1637 Ship Money trial of John Hampden Hampden's challenge to Charles's Ship Money tax foreshadows the constitutional crisis.
23. 1499 Cesare Borgia campaigns in the Romagna Cesare Borgia subdues the Romagna for the Papal States - model for Machiavelli's Prince.
24. 1954 Toussaint Rouge Coordinated FLN attacks across Algeria launch the war of independence.
25. 1869 Vanderbilt builds the New York Central Railroad Cornelius Vanderbilt consolidates New York rail lines into the New York Central system.
26. 1959 Jacques Plante dons the goalie mask Cut in the face at Madison Square Garden, Montreal's goaltender returns wearing his own mask and refuses to play bare-faced again — changing hockey for good.
27. 2021 COP26 climate summit World leaders meet in Glasgow and agree to 'phase down' coal, the first climate pact to explicitly target fossil fuels.