What happened on 31 October?

13 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1517 The Reformation The Protestant schism from Luther's 95 Theses to the Peace of Westphalia — splitting Western Christianity and reshaping European politics.
2. 1517 Luther's 95 Theses Augustinian friar Luther posts (or sends) his 95 critiques of indulgences at Wittenberg; conventional start of the Reformation.
3. 1541 Michelangelo's Last Judgment Sistine Chapel altar wall fresco.
4. 1922 Mussolini's rule of Italy Twenty years of Fascist rule from the March on Rome to his dismissal by the Grand Council.
5. 1887 Born: Chiang Kai-shek Nationalist leader of China who lost the civil war and ruled Taiwan until his death.
6. 1984 Assassination of Indira Gandhi Indira Gandhi shot dead by her Sikh bodyguards in retaliation for Operation Blue Star.
7. 1875 Born: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 'Iron Man of India'; first Deputy Prime Minister; integrated the princely states.
8. 1984 Premiership of Rajiv Gandhi Sworn in the day his mother was killed: computerisation and liberalisation, then Bofors and the Sri Lanka intervention.
9. 2008 Bitcoin whitepaper Satoshi Nakamoto publishes the Bitcoin paper, launching the cryptocurrency era.
10. 1632 Born: Johannes Vermeer Dutch painter of small luminous interiors; obsessive about light.
11. 1917 Battle of Beersheba (Light Horse charge) Australian Light Horse charge captures Beersheba — Allenby's breakthrough into Palestine.
12. 1914 Battle of Tsingtao Japanese and British forces capture the German Pacific concession at Tsingtao.
13. 2000 First long-duration crew aboard the ISS Expedition 1 (Shepherd, Krikalev, Gidzenko) begins continuous human presence in space.