What happened on 30 October?

14 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1918 Ottoman armistice (Mudros) Ottoman Empire signs armistice with the Allies.
2. 1735 Born: John Adams Founding Father, principal author of the Massachusetts Constitution, diplomat who helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris (1783), and second President of the United States (1797-1801)
3. 1905 October Manifesto Paralysed by a general strike, Nicholas reluctantly promises civil liberties and an elected Duma — the closest tsarist Russia came to constitutional monarchy.
4. 1961 Tsar Bomba The Soviet Union detonates the largest bomb ever exploded — about 50 megatons — over Novaya Zemlya; its co-designer Sakharov turns against atmospheric testing.
5. 1995 Quebec referendum of 1995 Sovereignty fails by 54,288 votes — 50.58 to 49.42 — the night Canada nearly ended; no referendum has been risked since.
6. 1944 Copland's Appalachian Spring Aaron Copland's ballet score - definitive sound of mid-century American classical music.
7. 1974 The Rumble in the Jungle Muhammad Ali reclaims the heavyweight title from George Foreman in Kinshasa, Zaire, one of the most famous bouts in sport.
8. 1960 Born: Diego Maradona Argentine footballer whose 1986 World Cup defined a generation.
9. 1938 War of the Worlds radio broadcast Orson Welles's realistic radio drama of a Martian invasion reportedly sparks panic, a parable of media power.
10. 1811 Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility Austen's first published novel, 'By a Lady': the sensible Elinor and passionate Marianne Dashwood in love and want.
11. 2005 Rosa Parks lies in honor in the Capitol Days after her death aged 92, Rosa Parks becomes the first woman to lie in honor in the Rotunda of the US Capitol, as tens of thousands file past.
12. 2023 Messi wins his eighth Ballon d'Or After the World Cup triumph, Messi takes an unprecedented eighth Ballon d'Or — two more than anyone else.
13. 1928 Lala Lajpat Rai beaten at the Simon Commission protest Leading a silent protest against an all-British constitutional commission, Rai is baton-charged at Lahore and dies weeks later.
14. 1947 Brecht testifies before HUAC Called before the House Un-American Activities Committee as one of the 'Hollywood Nineteen', Brecht denies ever joining the Communist Party — and flies to Europe the next day, neve