What happened on 29 October?

11 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1923 Presidency of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Founded the Turkish republic and remade it: the caliphate abolished, the alphabet latinised, the state made secular.
2. 1923 Republic of Turkey proclaimed Atatürk proclaims the Republic of Turkey; secular nation-state replaces multi-ethnic Ottoman empire.
3. 1787 Mozart's Don Giovanni premieres Dramma giocoso about the libertine punished by hell; pinnacle of operatic ambiguity.
4. 1914 Ottoman Empire enters WW1 Ottoman fleet shells Russian Black Sea ports; Ottomans join Central Powers.
5. 1969 ARPANET goes live First nodes of the network that became the Internet send packets between US universities.
6. 1956 Anglo-French-Israeli invasion of Egypt Israel, then Britain and France, attack Egypt to seize the canal and topple Nasser.
7. 1692 The court is dissolved With accusations reaching the governor's own wife and Increase Mather preaching that 'it were better that ten suspected witches should escape than that one innocent person should b
8. 1914 The Ottoman Empire enters the war The Goeben — now nominally Turkish — leads a surprise bombardment of Russia's Black Sea ports, and the Ottoman Empire is in the war on Germany's side. The conflict now stretches fr
9. 1665 Battle of Mbwila ends Kongo independence Portuguese forces defeat and kill King António I of Kongo at Mbwila, beginning the kingdom's long fragmentation.
10. 1933 Falangist movement founded José Antonio Primo de Rivera founds the Falange; Spanish fascist movement that backs the Nationalist cause in the Civil War.
11. 1865 Lord John Russell's second premiership Russell's second ministry falls trying to extend the franchise, opening the door to Disraeli.