What happened on 8 November?

15 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1917 Lenin's leadership of Soviet Russia Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars from the October Revolution to his death: war communism, the Red Terror, the Civil War and the New Economic Policy.
2. 1895 Discovery of X-rays Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X-rays; first Nobel Prize in Physics.
3. 2016 Trump elected US President Donald Trump wins a populist upset victory over Hillary Clinton.
4. 1519 Cortés and Moctezuma meet on the causeway On the great southern causeway over Lake Texcoco, the ruler of the largest city in the Americas — a city that stuns the Spaniards, 'like the enchantments in the book of Amadís' — r
5. 1923 Beer Hall Putsch Hitler and Ludendorff attempt coup at a Munich beer hall; crushed by police; Hitler imprisoned and writes Mein Kampf.
6. 2016 Demonetisation in India Modi government invalidates 500 and 1000 rupee notes overnight.
7. 1864 Lincoln wins re-election in wartime In the middle of a civil war — something no democracy had attempted — the Union holds a full presidential election, and Lincoln, who months earlier expected to lose to a peace plat
8. 1936 Siege of Madrid Three-year Republican defence of Madrid against Nationalist forces; emblem of the Republic's resistance.
9. 1942 Operation Torch Allied amphibious landings in Vichy-controlled Morocco and Algeria; Eisenhower's first major Allied command.
10. 1620 Battle of White Mountain Imperial-Catholic forces crush Bohemian Protestant nobility outside Prague; recatholicises Bohemia and ends Czech autonomy.
11. 2013 Typhoon Haiyan One of the strongest storms ever recorded devastates the Philippines, killing over 6,000.
12. 1910 Tonypandy riots Striking miners clash with police in the Rhondda; Churchill's despatch of troops becomes a lasting grievance.
13. 1520 Stockholm Bloodbath Christian II celebrates his Swedish coronation by beheading around 90 nobles and churchmen in three days — and hands Gustav Vasa his cause.
14. 1946 Viola Desmond refuses to move A Black businesswoman keeps her downstairs seat in a segregated Nova Scotia cinema; convicted on a tax pretext, pardoned in 2010, she is now on the $10 bill.
15. 1861 The Trent Affair nearly brings Britain into the war A Union warship stops the British mail steamer Trent and seizes two Confederate envoys bound for Europe. London drafts an ultimatum and ships troops to Canada before Lincoln quietl