What happened on 19 November?

10 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1863 Gettysburg Address Lincoln's brief speech at the dedication of Gettysburg cemetery.
2. 1600 Born: Charles I of England Stuart king whose conflict with Parliament led to the English Civil War and his execution.
3. 1942 Operation Uranus The Soviet counteroffensive encircles the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad.
4. 1917 Born: Indira Gandhi Long-serving Indian Prime Minister whose Emergency and assassination shaped a generation.
5. 1977 Sadat flies to Jerusalem Four years after attacking on Yom Kippur, Sadat does what no Arab leader has contemplated: he lands at Ben Gurion airport, shakes hands with the generals he fought, and addresses t
6. 1828 Born: Rani Lakshmibai The warrior queen of Jhansi who died sword in hand in the 1857 rebellion — independent India's emblem of resistance.
7. 1993 Player's Ball (OutKast) OutKast's Organized Noize-produced debut single.
8. 1997 Kalpana Chawla becomes the first Indian-born woman in space Chawla flies as mission specialist on Columbia; she died on the same shuttle's re-entry five years later.
9. 1581 Ivan the Terrible kills his son In a rage, Ivan strikes his heir Ivan Ivanovich with his staff and kills him — dooming the dynasty to the feeble Fyodor and the Time of Troubles.
10. 1969 Pelé scores his 1,000th goal From the penalty spot against Vasco da Gama at a packed Maracanã, Pelé scores his thousandth goal and dedicates it to the poor children of Brazil.