What happened on 29 November?

8 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1835 Born: Empress Dowager Cixi Dominant Qing political figure for nearly half a century; resisted reform.
2. 1932 Born: Jacques Chirac Gaullist president of France 1995-2007.
3. 1945 Socialist Yugoslavia Tito's federation of six republics charts its own road — expelled by Stalin, courted by both blocs, held together by one man's authority until it tore itself apart.
4. 1990 The UN sets Saddam a deadline Security Council Resolution 678 authorises 'all necessary means' to eject Iraq from Kuwait if it has not left by 15 January — only the second time the UN has ever authorised war, a
5. 1898 Born: C. S. Lewis Oxford scholar and Christian apologist; creator of Narnia.
6. 1830 November Uprising Congress Poland rises against Russian rule; after ten months of full-scale war the constitution is abolished and thousands flee into the Great Emigration.
7. 1891 Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles Tragic novel of rural Wessex; controversial in its sympathetic portrayal of a 'fallen woman'.
8. 1864 Sand Creek Massacre Colorado volunteers under John Chivington attack a peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho camp flying a US flag, killing some 230 people, mostly women and children — an atrocity that ignite