What happened on 30 November?

16 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1874 Born: Winston Churchill British Prime Minister 1940-1945 and 1951-1955; rallied Britain through its darkest hour.
2. 2022 Launch of ChatGPT OpenAI releases the chatbot that puts generative AI in mainstream use overnight.
3. 1994 East Coast–West Coast hip-hop rivalry Bad Boy versus Death Row, 2Pac versus Biggie: a media-fuelled feud that ends with both rappers murdered.
4. 2022 Generative AI boom Following ChatGPT, large language models reshape software, work and education.
5. 2020 AlphaFold protein structure breakthrough DeepMind's AlphaFold 2 wins the CASP14 protein-structure prediction competition, with results hailed as transformational.
6. 1667 Born: Jonathan Swift Author of Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal.
7. 1994 Tupac Shakur is shot at Quad Studios Robbed and shot in Manhattan, Tupac blames Bad Boy, igniting the coast feud.
8. 1939 Winter War Soviet invasion of Finland; Red Army humiliated before grinding through.
9. 1961 Operation Mongoose US-backed covert campaign to overthrow Castro.
10. 1835 Born: Mark Twain American novelist of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn; defining voice of post-Civil War America.
11. 1700 Narva: the schooling defeat In a blizzard outside Narva, the eighteen-year-old Charles XII of Sweden destroys a Russian army four times his size in an afternoon. Peter's response defines him: he treats the ca
12. 1982 Michael Jackson's Thriller Best-selling album of all time; helped break racial barriers on MTV.
13. 1853 The Sinope massacre Russia's Black Sea fleet annihilates an Ottoman squadron at anchor in Sinope harbour, killing some 3,000 sailors in an afternoon. A legitimate act of war reads in the British press
14. 1601 Elizabeth's Golden Speech To 140 members of the Commons, the aged queen gives her farewell address: 'though you have had and may have many princes more mighty and wise… you never had nor shall have any that
15. 1554 England reconciled with Rome Kneeling Lords and Commons receive papal absolution from Cardinal Reginald Pole, formally returning England to the Catholic Church twenty years after the break with Rome.
16. 1900 Death of Oscar Wilde Penniless in a Paris hotel, Wilde dies of meningitis aged 46, reputedly remarking that either the wallpaper goes or he does.