What happened on 30 January?

15 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany Appointed by Hindenburg; consolidates dictatorial power within months.
2. 1933 Hitler's rule of Germany Twelve years from the chancellorship to the bunker: dictatorship, rearmament, the Holocaust and the war that destroyed Germany.
3. 1933 Nazi Germany (Third Reich) Hitler's totalitarian dictatorship, from his appointment as Chancellor to the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht.
4. 1649 Execution of Charles I King beheaded outside the Banqueting House at Whitehall after Rump Parliament trial; only English monarch executed.
5. 1882 Born: Franklin D. Roosevelt 32nd US president; only person elected four times. Led the US through the Depression and WWII.
6. 1878 Anna Karenina Tolstoy's tragedy of love, marriage and aristocratic Russia.
7. 1972 Bloody Sunday in Derry British paratroopers shoot 26 civil-rights protesters; 14 die. Civil-rights crisis becomes guerrilla war.
8. 1968 Tet Offensive Coordinated North Vietnamese and Viet Cong surprise attack across South Vietnam during Tet; militarily defeated but politically devastating.
9. 1948 Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi shot dead by Nathuram Godse at Birla House, Delhi.
10. 1855 Russell's dispatches bring down the government William Howard Russell of The Times — the first modern war correspondent — reports the army freezing, starving and dying of cholera outside Sevastopol while its supplies rot at Bal
11. 1703 Forty-seven Rōnin Masterless samurai avenge their lord's enforced suicide, then ritually kill themselves; iconic tale of Tokugawa-era honour.
12. 9 BCE Ara Pacis Augustae consecrated Senate-commissioned marble altar in Rome celebrating Augustus's peace after Gallic and Hispanic campaigns.
13. 1931 City Lights released Chaplin's silent romantic comedy; one of his most personal films.
14. 1889 Mayerling incident Crown Prince Rudolf and Baroness Mary Vetsera are found dead at his hunting lodge at Mayerling, almost certainly a murder-suicide the court spent decades obscuring. The succession
15. 1661 Cromwell's corpse is hanged at Tyburn On the twelfth anniversary of the regicide, the restored monarchy digs Oliver Cromwell out of Westminster Abbey, hangs the two-year-old corpse at Tyburn and sets the head on a spik