What happened on 18 June?

17 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1815 Battle of Waterloo Wellington's Anglo-allied army and Blücher's Prussians defeat Napoleon, ending the Napoleonic Wars.
2. 1940 Free French resistance under de Gaulle Charles de Gaulle's London-based government in exile rallies French resistance.
3. 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état of 1954 CIA overthrows Árbenz government in Guatemala.
4. 1940 Appeal of 18 June A little-known general broadcasts from the BBC in London, the day after Pétain asks for an armistice: 'whatever happens, the flame of French resistance must not be extinguished.'
5. 1812 War of 1812 US-British war over trade and impressment; British burn Washington, Andrew Jackson wins New Orleans.
6. 1542 Crown of Ireland Act 1542 Henry exchanges the papal Lordship of Ireland for the title King of Ireland, beginning the Tudor reconquest of the island.
7. 1429 Battle of Patay Six weeks after Orléans, the French cavalry catches the English army in open country before its archers can plant their stakes — and Agincourt happens in reverse: the longbowmen ar
8. 1576 Battle of Haldighati Mughals defeat Mewar's Maharana Pratap, though he eludes capture.
9. 1967 Ravi Shankar at the Monterey Pop Festival Three hours of raga to a rapt hippie crowd, months after he began teaching George Harrison the sitar — Indian classical music's breakthrough in the West.
10. 2015 Laudato si' Francis's encyclical 'on care for our common home' — the first papal document devoted to climate change and ecology.
11. 1053 Battle of Civitate Norman adventurers defeat a papal army, cementing their conquest of southern Italy.
12. 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts Four acts signed by John Adams restricting immigration and criminalising criticism of the federal government. Bitterly contested by Jefferson and Madison; central to the 1800 elect
13. 1983 Sally Ride: first American woman in space Twenty years after Tereshkova, Sally Ride flies aboard Challenger — and spends the rest of her life getting girls into science.
14. 1887 Reinsurance Treaty Bismarck's secret treaty keeps Russia neutral if Austria attacks it — the keystone of his web of alliances, which Wilhelm II lets lapse in 1890.
15. 1928 Disappearance of Roald Amundsen Flying out to search for Nobile's crashed airship Italia, Amundsen's Latham flying boat vanishes over the Barents Sea; he and his crew are never found.
16. 860 Rus' attack on Constantinople Two hundred Viking ships appear beneath the walls of Constantinople; the raiders pillage the suburbs and withdraw, announcing the Norse-founded Rus' to the Byzantine world.
17. 2023 OceanGate Titan implosion An experimental submersible imploding on a dive to the Titanic kills five and grips global attention.