What happened on 19 June?

10 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1566 Born: James I of England (VI of Scotland) First king of both Scotland and England; commissioned the King James Bible.
2. 1970 Edward Heath's premiership Heath takes Britain into the European Community, then falls to the miners and the three-day week.
3. 1861 Born: Field Marshal Haig British Expeditionary Force commander on the Western Front; Somme and Passchendaele.
4. 1623 Born: Blaise Pascal French mathematician, physicist and theologian; pioneer of probability theory.
5. 1865 Juneteenth Union troops reach Galveston and proclaim freedom to Texas's quarter-million enslaved people, two and a half years after the Emancipation Proclamation — now a US federal holiday.
6. 1944 Battle of the Philippine Sea 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot'; US naval aviators destroy Japanese carrier air power.
7. 1964 Born: Boris Johnson Conservative Prime Minister who 'got Brexit done' before being toppled by his own MPs.
8. 1097 The crusaders take Nicaea The princes' armies besiege the Seljuk capital of Nicaea — and wake one morning to find the emperor's banners on the walls: Byzantium has negotiated the surrender behind their back
9. 1899 Elgar's Enigma Variations Orchestral variations dedicated to Elgar's friends; quintessential late-Victorian English music.
10. 1867 Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico Franz Joseph's idealistic brother, installed in Mexico by French bayonets, is shot at Querétaro when they withdraw — painted by Manet, mourned in Vienna.