What happened on 13 September?

14 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham British capture Quebec from France; both commanders (Wolfe, Montcalm) killed; opens conquest of Canada.
2. 1993 Oslo Accords Rabin-Arafat handshake at the White House; framework for Israeli-Palestinian peace; mutual recognition; Palestinian Authority established.
3. 1813 Congress of Chilpancingo Morelos's revolutionary congress declares Mexico's independence and abolishes slavery.
4. 1922 Burning of Smyrna Fire destroys Smyrna's Greek and Armenian quarters; population expelled.
5. 1819 Born: Clara Schumann Pianist and composer; wife of Robert Schumann.
6. 1860 Born: General Pershing Commander of American Expeditionary Force in WW1.
7. 1942 Rattenkrieg: the fight for the ruins 'The war of the rats': two months of fighting measured in floors of buildings — the grain elevator, the Tractor Factory, Pavlov's House held by a platoon for 58 days, snipers rulin
8. 1916 Born: Roald Dahl British children's author; Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
9. 1882 Britain occupies Egypt To secure the Suez Canal and the bondholders behind it, a British army crushes Egypt's nationalist movement at Tel el-Kebir in twenty minutes before dawn — beginning a 'temporary'
10. 1515 Battle of Marignano Francis I crushes the Swiss in the Italian Wars, securing French control of Milan.
11. 1914 The first trenches are dug on the Aisne Thrown back from the Marne, the German armies stop on the ridges above the River Aisne and dig in; the pursuing Allies, unable to shift them, dig too. Nobody plans it, but the West
12. 1541 Calvin's Geneva becomes a model Recalled to Geneva, Calvin gives the city his Ecclesiastical Ordinances — a disciplined, self-governing reformed church that becomes the template exported to France, the Netherland
13. 1874 Born: Arnold Schoenberg Austrian composer who broke with tonality and developed twelve-tone music.
14. 1959 Luna probes reach the Moon Luna 2 becomes the first human object to strike another world; three weeks later Luna 3 photographs the Moon's hidden far side — Soviet firsts, two years into the race.