What happened on 9 October?

14 events from the Ever-When timeline, ranked by how much they mattered.

1. 768 Reign of Charlemagne King of the Franks who unified much of western Europe; crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800.
2. 2006 North Korea's first nuclear test North Korea detonates its first nuclear device, becoming the eighth country to openly test nuclear weapons and triggering an enduring crisis.
3. 2012 Malala Yousafzai shot by the Taliban The Pakistani schoolgirl survives an assassination attempt for championing girls' education and becomes the youngest Nobel laureate.
4. 1831 Assassination of Capodistrias Greece's first head of state — a former Russian foreign minister trying to build a government out of warlords and clans — is shot and stabbed on the church steps of Nafplio by the
5. 1835 Born: Camille Saint-Saëns French composer of Carnival of the Animals and Samson et Dalila.
6. 1967 Death of Che Guevara The Marxist revolutionary is captured and executed in Bolivia, becoming an enduring global icon of rebellion.
7. 1981 France abolishes the death penalty Justice minister Robert Badinter carries Mitterrand's pledge through parliament; the guillotine's last use had been in 1977.
8. 1966 Born: David Cameron Conservative Prime Minister who called the Scottish and EU referendums.
9. 1978 Uganda–Tanzania War After Idi Amin invades Tanzania, Nyerere's army drives back and topples him — the only African war of the era in which one country overthrows another's dictator.
10. 1952 Kurosawa's Ikiru A dying Tokyo bureaucrat spends his last months forcing a children's playground through his own department — Kurosawa's most humane film.
11. 1975 Sakharov awarded the Nobel Peace Prize The father of the Soviet H-bomb is honoured for his campaign for human rights; refused permission to travel, he sends his wife Yelena Bonner to Oslo.
12. 1651 Navigation Acts Parliament reserves colonial trade to English ships — the legal skeleton of the mercantile empire, and a standing grievance in America.
13. 1934 Assassination of Alexander I of Yugoslavia A Macedonian gunman working with Croatian Ustaše kills the Yugoslav king in Marseille, where the French foreign minister also dies in the shooting — one of the first assassinations
14. 1919 Black Sox scandal Chicago White Sox players fix the 1919 World Series.