The Twelve Years' Truce
1609 · Event
Exhausted, Spain signs a twelve-year truce that treats the United Provinces as effectively sovereign — and the new republic, mid-war, is already the richest trading nation on earth, its East India Company two years old. Independence in law waits for Westphalia in 1648; independence in fact begins here.
On these timelines: The Dutch Revolt, The Low Countries, Spain, Economic History, Master
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